POSEIDON

In Greek mythology, Poseidon (Greek: Ποσειδῶν; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the sea and, as "Earth-Shaker," of earthquakes. The name of the god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology: both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon. Linear B tablets show that Poseidon was venerated at Pylos and Thebes in pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, but he was integrated into the Olympian gods as the brother of Zeus and Hades.

Poseidon
Statue of Poseidon at Copenhagen Port
God of the Sea, Earthquakes and Horses
Abode	Sea
Symbol	Trident, Fish, Dolphin, Horse and Bull
Consort	Amphitrite
Parents	Cronus and Rhea
Siblings	Hades, Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Zeus
Children	Theseus, Triton
Roman equivalent	Neptune

Worship of Poseidon

Poseidon was a major civic god of several cities: in Athens, he was second only to Athena in importance; while in Corinth and many cities of Magna Graecia he was the chief god of the polis. In his benign aspect, Poseidon was seen as creating new islands and offering calm seas. When offended or ignored, he supposedly struck the ground with his trident and caused chaotic springs, earthquakes, drownings and shipwrecks. Sailors prayed to Poseidon for a safe voyage, sometimes drowning horses as a sacrifice.

According to Pausanias, Poseidon was one of the caretakers of the oracle at Delphi before Olympian Apollo took it over. Apollo and Poseidon worked closely in many realms: in colonization, for example, Delphic Apollo provided the authorization to go out and settle, while Poseidon watched over the colonists on their way, and provided the lustral water for the foundation-sacrifice. Xenophon's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400-399 BCE singing to Poseidon a paean - a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo.

Like Dionysus, who inflamed the maenads, Poseidon also caused certain forms of mental disturbance. A Hippocratic text of ca 400 BCE, On the Sacred Disease^[1] says that he was blamed for certain types of epilepsy.

Bronze Age Greece

Angelo Bronzino: Neptune

The name seems to rather transparently stem from Greek pósis "lord, husband" with a less-transparent -don element, perhaps from dea, "goddess'. If surviving Linear B clay tablets can be trusted, the name PO-SE-DA-WO-NE ("Poseidon") occurs with greater frequency than does DI-U-JA (Zeus). A feminine variant, PO-SE-DE-IA, is also found, indicating a lost consort goddess, in effect a precursor of Amphitrite. Tablets from Pylos record sacrificial goods destined for "the Two Queens and Poseidon" and to "the Two Queens and the King". The most obvious identification for the "Two Queens" is with Demeter and Persephone, or their precursors, goddesses who were not associated with Poseidon in later periods.^[2] Poseidon is already identified as "Earth-Shaker"— E-NE-SI-DA-O-NE— in Mycenaean Knossos,^[3] a powerful attribute where earthquakes had accompanied the collapse of the Minoan palace-culture. In the heavily sea-dependent Mycenean culture, no connection between Poseidon and the sea has yet surfaced; among the Olympians it was determined by lot that he should rule over the sea (Hesiod, Theogony 456): the god preceded his realm.

Demeter and Poseidon's names are linked in one Pylos tablet, where they appear as PO-SE-DA-WO-NE and DA, referred to by the epithets Enosichthon, Seischthon and Ennosigaios, all meaning "earth-shaker" and referring to his role in causing earthquakes.

Poseidon in myth

Birth and triumph over Cronus

Detail of Neptune, by Lambert-Sigisbert Adam, ca 1725 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)

Jacob de Gheyn II: Neptune and Amphitrite

Poseidon was a son of Cronus and Rhea. In most accounts he is swallowed by Cronus at birth but later saved, with his other brothers and sisters, by Zeus.

However in some versions of the story, he, like his brother Zeus, did not share the fate of his other brother and sisters who were eaten by Cronus. He was saved by his mother Rhea, who concealed him among a flock of lambs and pretended to have given birth to a colt, which she gave to Cronus to devour.^[4] According to John Tzetzes^[5] the kourotrophos, or nurse of Poseidon was Arne, who denied knowing where he was, when Cronus came searching; according to Diodorus Siculus^[6] Poseidon was raised by the Telchines on Rhodes, just as Zeus was raised by the Korybantes on Crete.

According to a single reference in the Iliad, when the world was divided by lot in three, Zeus received the sky, Hades the underworld and Poseidon the sea.

The foundation of Athens

Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, ca 440 BCE

Athena became the patron goddess of the city of Athens after a competition with Poseidon. Yet Poseidon remained a numinous presence on the Acropolis in the form of his surrogate, Erechtheus. At the dissolution festival at the end of the year in the Athenian calendar, the Skira, the priests of Athena and the priest of Poseidon would process under canopies to Eleusis.^[7] They agreed that each would give the Athenians one gift and the Athenians would choose whichever gift they preferred. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a spring sprang up; the water was salty and not very useful,^[8] whereas Athena offered them an olive tree.

Neptune's fountain in Prešov, Slovakia.

The Athenians (or their king, Cecrops) accepted the olive tree and along with it Athena as their patron, for the olive tree brought wood, oil and food. After the fight, infuriated at his loss, Poseidon sent a monstrous flood to the Attic Plain, to punish the Athenians for not choosing him. The depression made by Poseidon's trident and filled with salt water was surrounded by the northern hall of the Erechtheum, remaining open to the air. "In cult, Poseidon was identified with Erechtheus," Walter Burkert noted.^[9] "the myth turns this into a temporal-causal sequence: in his anger at losing, Poseidon led his son Eumolpus against Athens and killed Erectheus."

The contest of Athena and Poseidon was the subject of the reliefs on the western pediment of the Parthenon, the first sight that greeted the arriving visitor.

This myth is construed by Robert Graves and others as reflecting a clash between the inhabitants during Mycenaean times and newer immigrants. It is interesting to note that Athens at its height was a significant sea power, at one point defeating the Persian fleet at Salamis Island in a sea battle.

The walls of Troy

Poseidon on an ancient Greek vase

Poseidon and Apollo, having offended Zeus, were sent to serve King Laomedon of Troy. He had them build huge walls around the city and promised to reward them well, a promise he then refused to fulfill. In vengeance, before the Trojan War, Poseidon sent a sea monster to attack Troy (it was later killed by Perseus).

Consorts/children

His consort was Amphitrite, a nymph and ancient sea-goddess, daughter of Nereus and Doris.

Poseidon was the father of many heroes. He is thought to have fathered the famed Theseus.

A mortal woman named Tyro was married to Cretheus (with whom she had one son, Aeson) but loved Enipeus, a river god. She pursued Enipeus, who refused her advances. One day, Poseidon, filled with lust for Tyro, disguised himself as Enipeus, and from their union were born the heroes Pelias and Neleus, twin boys. Poseidon also had an affair with Alope, his granddaughter through Cercyon, begetting the Attic hero Hippothoon. Cercyon had his daughter buried alive but Poseidon turned her into the spring, Alope, near Eleusis.

Poseidon rescued Amymone from a lecherous satyr and then fathered a child, Nauplius, by her.

After having raped Caeneus, Poseidon fulfilled her request and changed her into a male warrior.

Not all of Poseidon's children were human. In an archaic myth, Poseidon once pursued Demeter. She spurned his advances, turning herself into a mare so that she could hide in a herd of horses; he saw through the deception and became a stallion and captured her. Their child was a horse, Arion, which was capable of human speech. Poseidon also had sexual intercourse with Medusa on the floor of a temple to Athena.

Medusa was then changed into a monster by Athena. When she was later beheaded by the hero Perseus, Chrysaor and Pegasus emerged from her neck. There is also Triton, the merman; Polyphemus, the cyclops; and Oto and Ephialtae, the giants.

With Aethra
1. Theseus
With Alope
1. Hippothoon
With Amphitrite
1. Rhode
2. Triton
3. Benthesikyme
With Amymone
1. Nauplius
With Astypalaea
1. Ancaeus
2. Eurypylos
With Canace
1. Aloeus
2. Epopeus
3. Hopelus
4. Nireus
5. Triopas
With Celaeno
1. Lycus
With Chione
1. Eumolpus
With Chloris
1. Poriclymenus
With Clieto
1. Atlas
2. Eymelus
3. Ampheres
4. Evaemon
5. Mneseus
6. Autochthon
7. Elasippus
8. Mestor
9. Azaes
10. Diaprepes
With Demeter
1. Arion
2. Despoina
With Europa
1. Euphemus
With Euryale
1. Orion
With Gaia
1. Antaeus
2. Charybdis
With Halia
1. Rhode
With Hiona
1. Hios
With Hippothoe
1. Taphius
With Iphimedia
1. Aloadae, giants Otus and Ephialtes
With Libya
1. Belus
2. Agenor
3. Lelex
With Lybie
1. Lamia
With Melia
1. Amycus
With Medusa
1. Pegasus
2. Chrysaor
With Periboea
1. Nausithous
With Satyrion
1. Taras
With Thoosa
1. Polyphemus
With Tyro
1. Neleus
2. Pelias
Unknown mother
1. Aon
2. Byzas
3. Cercyon
4. Cycnus
5. Evadne
6. Lotis
7. Rhodus
8. Sinis

Epithets

Poseidon was known in various guises, denoted by epithets. In the town of Aegae in Euboea, he was known as Poseidon Aegaeus and had a magnificent temple upon a hill.^[10]^[11]^[12] Poseidon also had a close association with horses, known under the epithet Poseidon Hippios.

Poseidon in literature and art

The Neptun brunnen fountain in Berlin

Poseidon's family in the sea

In Greek art, Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea. He was associated with dolphins and three-pronged fish spears (tridents). He lived in a palace on the ocean floor, made of coral and gems.

In the Iliad Poseidon favors the Greeks, and on several occasion takes an active part in the battle against the Trojan forces. However, in Book XX he rescues Aeneas after the Trojan prince is laid low by Achilles.

In the Odyssey, Poseidon is notable for his hatred of Odysseus due to the latter's having blinded the god's son, the cyclops Polyphemus. The enmity of Poseidon prevents Odysseus's return home to Ithaca for many years. Odysseus is even told, notwithstanding his ultimate safe return, that to placate the wrath of Poseidon will require one more voyage on his part.

In the Aeneid, Neptune is still resentful of the wandering Trojans, but is not as vindictive as Juno, and in Book I he rescues the Trojan fleet from the goddess's attempts to wreck it, although his primary motivation for doing this is his annoyance at Juno's having intruded into his domain.

A hymn to Poseidon included among the Homeric Hymns is a brief invocation, a seven-line introduction that addresses the god as both "mover of the earth and barren sea, god of the deep who is also lord of Helicon and wide Aegae^[13], and specificies his twofold nature as an Olympian: "a tamer of horses and a saviour of ships."

In contemporary culture

The image of Poseidon or Neptune is widely used in European culture as symbolic of the ocean and waters generally, and hence occurs as a decorative sculpture on many fountains, and monuments in ancient seaports.

"King" Neptune appears as the ruler of the sea, from cans of tuna to The Spongebob Squarepants Movie. Disney animators have portrayed Neptune as a fish-man, mistaking him for Triton, in the 1997 animated Hercules. In Percy Jackson & The Olympians, by Rick Riordan, the main character Perseus Jackson is a son of Poseidon (making him a demigod).

Age of Mythology In the Age Of Mythology Game's Campaign Poseidon is seduced by the power the Titan Kronos promises him in return to setting him free. Poseidon then aids one of his cyclops children Gargarenses in freeing the Titan.

In Marvel Comics, Poseidon (more frequently referred to as "Neptune") is the patron deity of Namor the Sub-Mariner, and his undersea kingdom of Atlantis.

In Masami Kurumada's manga Saint Seiya, the Poseidon war is the second story arc. Poseidon incarnates in the body of the young Julian Solo and plots to get rid of humans to purify the earth. He's defeated by Athena and her Bronze Saints and sealed back to sleep again, although he awakens one more time to help her defeat Hades. He's set to make an appearance in the prequel Lost Canvas, after Athena sends two of her saints to Bluegard, where he was once sealed and is kept and guarded, to ask for his help in the war against Hades.

In the GBA game, Golden Sun: The Lost Age, Poseidon lives in the center of an ocean, guarding the fabled city of Lemuria. He has apparently gone mad, due to the Lighthouses' recent lightings.

In the Xena:Warrior Princess episode "Motherhood", Poseidon is the first God killed by Xena, when she is given the power to kill Gods.

Melacak Peradaban Atlantis: Daratan yang Hilang Ditelan Masa

Legenda yang berkisah tentang “Atlantis”, pertama kali ditemui dalam karangan filsafat Yunani kuno: Dua buah catatan dialog Plato (427-347 SM) yakni: buku Critias dan Timaeus.

Pada buku Timaeus, Plato berkisah: Di hadapan “Selat Mainstay Haigelisi, ada sebuah pulau yang sangat besar, dari sana kalian dapat pergi ke pulau lainnya, di depan pulau-pulau itu adalah seluruhnya daratan yang dikelilingi laut samudera, itu adalah kerajaan Atlantis. Ketika itu Atlantis baru akan melancarkan perang besar dengan Athena, namun di luar dugaan Atlantis tiba-tiba mengalami gempa bumi dan banjir, tidak sampai sehari semalam, tenggelam sama sekali di dasar laut, negara besar yang melampaui peradaban tinggi, lenyap dalam semalam.

Dalam legenda, yang mendirikan kerajaan Atlantis adalah dewa laut Poseidon. Di atas sebuah pulau, ada seorang gadis muda yang kedua orang tuanya meninggal, Poseidon memperistri gadis muda itu dan melahirkan lima anak kembar, kemudian Poseidon membagi keseluruhan pulau menjadi 10 wilayah, masing-masing diserahkan pada 10 anak untuk menguasai, dan anak sulung ditunjuk sebagai penguasa tertinggi. Karena anak sulung lelaki ini bernama Atlan, oleh karenanya menyebut nama negeri tersebut sebagai kerajaan “Atlantis”.

Satu bagian dalam dialog buku Critias, tercatat kisah Atlantis yang dikisahkan oleh adik sepupu Critias. Critias adalah murid dari ahli filsafat Socrates, tiga kali ia menekankan keberadaan Atlantis dalam dialog. Kisahnya berasal dari cerita lisan Joepe yaitu moyang lelaki Critias, sedangkan Joepe juga mendengarnya dari seorang penyair Yunani bernama Solon ( 639-559 SM).
Solon adalah yang paling bijaksana di antara 7 mahabijak Yunani kuno, suatu kali ketika Solon berkeliling Mesir, dari tempat pemujaan makam leluhur mengetahui legenda Atlantis. Catatan dalam dialog, secara garis besar seperti berikut ini:

“Ada sebuah daratan raksasa di atas Samudera Atlantik arah barat Laut Tengah yang sangat jauh, yang bangga dengan peradabannya yang menakjubkan. Ia menghasilkan emas dan perak yang tak terhitung banyaknya: istana dikelilingi oleh tembok emas dan dipagari oleh dinding perak. Dinding tembok dalam istana bertakhtakan emas, cemerlang dan megah. Di sana, tingkat perkembangan peradabannya memukau orang. Memiliki pelabuhan dan
kapal dengan perlengkapan yang sempurna, juga ada benda yang bisa membawa orang terbang. Kekuasaannya tidak hanya terbatas di Eropa, bahkan jauh sampai daratan Afrika. Setelah dilanda gempa dahsyat, tenggelamlah ia ke dasar laut beserta peradabannya, juga hilang dalam ingatan orang-orang.”

Penyelidikan Arkeolog Menurut perhitungan versi Plato waktu tenggelamnya kerajaan Atlantis, kurang lebih 11.150 tahun yang silam. Plato pernah beberapa kali mengatakan, keadaan kerajaan Atlantis diceritakan turun-temurun. Sama sekali bukan rekaannya sendiri. Plato bahkan pergi ke Mesir minta petunjuk biksu dan rahib terkenal setempat waktu itu. Guru Plato yaitu Socrates ketika membicarakan tentang kerajaan Atlantis juga menekankan, karena hal itu adalah nyata, nilainya jauh lebih kuat dibanding kisah yang direkayasa.

Jika semua yang diutarakan Plato memang benar-benar nyata, maka sejak 12.000 tahun silam, manusia sudah menciptakan peradaban. Namun di manakah kerajaan Atlantis itu? Sejak ribuan tahun silam orang-orang menaruh minat yang sangat besar terhadap hal ini. Hingga abad ke-20 sejak tahun 1960-an, laut Bermuda yang terletak di bagian barat Samudera Atlantik, di kepulauan Bahama, dan laut di sekitar kepulauan Florida pernah berturut-turut diketemukan keajaiban yang menggemparkan dunia.

Suatu hari di tahun 1968, kepulauan Bimini di sekitar Samudera Atlantik di gugusan Pulau Bahama, laut tenang dan bening bagaikan kaca yang terang, tembus pandang hingga ke dasar laut. Beberapa penyelam dalam perjalanan kembali ke kepulauan Bimini, tiba-tiba ada yang menjerit kaget. Di dasar laut ada sebuah jalan besar! Beberapa penyelam secara bersamaan terjun ke bawah, ternyata memang ada sebuah jalan besar membentang tersusun dari batu raksasa. Itu adalah sebuah jalan besar yang dibangun dengan menggunakan batu persegi panjang dan poligon, besar kecilnya batu dan ketebalan tidak sama, namun penyusunannya sangat rapi, konturnya cemerlang. Apakah ini merupakan jalan posnya kerajaan Atlantis?

Awal tahun ‘70-an, sekelompok peneliti telah tiba di sekitar kepulauan Yasuel, Samudera Atlantik. Mereka telah mengambil inti karang dengan mengebor pada kedalaman 800 meter di dasar laut, atas ungkapan ilmiah, tempat itu memang benar-benar sebuah daratan pada 12.000 tahun silam. Kesimpulan yang ditarik atas dasar teknologi ilmu pengetahuan, begitu mirip seperti yang dilukiskan Plato! Namun, apakah di sini tempat tenggelamnya kerajaan Atlantis?

Tahun 1974, sebuah kapal peninjau laut Uni Soviet telah membuat 8 lembar foto yang jika disarikan membentuk sebuah bangunan kuno mahakarya manusia! Apakah ini dibangun oleh orang Atlantis?

Tahun 1979, ilmuwan Amerika dan Perancis dengan peranti instrumen yang sangat canggih menemukan piramida di dasar laut “segitiga maut” laut Bermuda. Panjang piramida kurang lebih 300 meter, tinggi kurang lebih 200 meter, puncak piramida dengan permukaan samudera hanya berjarak 100 meter, lebih besar dibanding piramida Mesir. Bagian bawah piramida terdapat dua lubang raksasa, air laut dengan kecepatan yang menakjubkan mengalir di dasar lubang.

Piramida besar ini, apakah dibangun oleh orang-orang Atlantis? Pasukan kerajaan Atlan pernah menaklukkan Mesir, apakah orang Atlantis membawa peradaban piramida ke Mesir? Benua Amerika juga terdapat piramida, apakah berasal dari Mesir atau berasal dari kerajaan Atlantis?

Tahun 1985, dua kelasi Norwegia menemukan sebuah kota kuno di bawah areal laut “segitiga maut”. Pada foto yang dibuat oleh mereka berdua, ada dataran, jalan besar vertikal dan horizontal serta lorong, rumah beratap kubah, gelanggang aduan (binatang), kuil, bantaran sungai dll. Mereka berdua mengatakan: “Mutlak percaya, yang kami temukan adalah Benua Atlantik! Sama persis seperti yang dilukiskan Plato!” Benarkah itu?

Yang disayangkan, piramida dasar laut segitiga Bermuda, berhasil diselidiki dari atas permukaan laut dengan menggunakan instrumen canggih, hingga kini belum ada seorang pun ilmuwan dapat memastikan apakah sebuah bangunan yang benar-benar dibangun oleh tenaga manusia, sebab mungkin saja sebuah puncak gunung bawah air yang berbentuk limas.

Foto peninggalan bangunan kuno di dasar laut yang diambil tim ekspedisi Rusia, juga tidak dapat membuktikan di sana adalah bekas tempat kerajaan Atlantis. Setelah itu ada tim ekspedisi menyelam ke dasar samudera jalan batu di dasar lautan Atlantik Pulau Bimini, mengambil sampel “jalan batu” dan dilakukan penelitian laboratorium serta dianalisa. Hasilnya menunjukkan, bahwa jalan batu ini umurnya belum mencapai 10.000 tahun. Jika jalan ini dibuat oleh bangsa kerajaan Atlantis, setidak-tidaknya tidak kurang dari 10.000 tahun. Mengenai foto yang ditunjukkan kedua kelasi Norwegia itu, hingga kini pun tidak dapat membuktikan apa-apa.

Satu-satunya kesimpulan tepat yang dapat diperoleh adalah benar ada sebuah daratan yang karam di dasar laut Atlantik. Jika memang benar di atas laut Atlantik pernah ada kerajaan Atlantis, dan kerajaan Atlantis memang benar tenggelam di dasar laut Atlantik, maka di dasar laut Atlantik pasti dapat ditemukan bekas-bekasnya. Hingga hari ini, kerajaan Atlantis tetap merupakan sebuah misteri sepanjang masa.

(Sumber: Buku Himpunan Inspirasi Peradaban Prasejarah)

Senin, 05 April 2010

Senin, 31 Agustus 2009

Napoleon Ternyata Seorang Muslim

Sabtu, 06 Juni 2009